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Spine & Back

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in the vertebra, most commonly at the L5 level. It is common in young athletes who perform repetitive hyperextension of the spine.

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Typical Recovery Time
3-6 months

Symptoms

  • •Low back pain that worsens with activity
  • •Pain radiating into the buttocks
  • •Tight hamstrings
  • •Worsening pain with back extension

Common Causes

  • •Repetitive hyperextension of the spine
  • •Gymnastics, football linemen, weightlifters
  • •Growth spurts in adolescents

Treatment Options

1Rest and activity modification
2Bracing
3Physical therapy
4NSAIDs
5Surgery for high-grade slippage or neurological symptoms

When to See a Doctor

If you have severe back pain with radiation into the legs or progressive neurological symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis?
Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in part of a vertebra, often in the lower back. Spondylolisthesis occurs when one vertebra slips forward relative to another. These conditions are common in young athletes with repetitive spine extension.
What causes spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis?
They are commonly caused by repetitive stress on the lower spine during sports. Gymnastics, football, dance, baseball, and weightlifting can increase risk. Some athletes may also have anatomy that makes them more prone to these injuries.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms include lower back pain that worsens with activity, especially bending backward. Pain often improves with rest. Some patients may have tight hamstrings or leg symptoms if nerves are affected.
How is it treated?
Treatment usually includes rest from painful sports, physical therapy, and core strengthening. Bracing may be used in selected cases. Surgery is rarely needed unless there is severe slippage or persistent symptoms.
When can I return to sports?
Return depends on pain control, healing, strength, and movement mechanics. Many athletes return over several months with proper rehab. A gradual return is important to avoid recurrence.
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